In general, a battery charger consists of the following elements:
1. A step-down transformer for reducing the high A.C mains voltage to a low A.C voltage.
2. A half-wave or full-wave rectifier for converting alternating current into direct current.
3. A charge-current limiting element for preventing the flow of excessive charging current into the battery under charge.
4. A device for preventing the reversal of current i.e. discharge of the battery through the charging source when the source voltage happens to fall below the battery voltage.
A battery charge may also have circuitry to monitor the battery voltage and automatically adjust the charging current. It may also terminate the charging process when the battery becomes fully charged. However, in many cases, the charging process is not totally terminated but only the charging rate is reduced so as to keep the battery on trickle charging.
Most of the modern battery chargers are fully protected against the following eventualities:
They are able to operate into a short-circuit.
They are not damage by a reverse-connected battery.
They are operated into a totally flat battery.
They can be regulated both for current and voltage.

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